Insulin

About

Insulin is a peptide hormone produced by the beta cells of the pancreatic islets. It plays a crucial role in regulating blood glucose levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into cells, particularly in the liver, muscles, and adipose tissue. Insulin's anabolic effects include promoting glycogen synthesis, protein synthesis, and fat storage. It inhibits glucagon secretion and gluconeogenesis, processes that increase blood glucose. Insulin is secreted in response to elevated blood glucose levels, such as after meals, and its secretion is suppressed when glucose levels are low. Insulin's discovery and purification revolutionized the management of diabetes, allowing patients to control their blood sugar levels effectively. It is composed of two chains, A and B, linked by disulfide bonds, derived from the prohormone proinsulin. Insulin therapy is essential for type 1 diabetes and often used in type 2 diabetes. Its role extends beyond glucose regulation, influencing lipid metabolism and protein synthesis. Advances in insulin production, such as recombinant DNA technology, have made human insulin widely available, transforming the lives of millions worldwide.