Montreal Protocol

About

The Montreal Protocol is a landmark international agreement aimed at protecting the Earth's ozone layer by phasing out substances that deplete it. Signed in 1987 and entering into force in 1989, it is one of the most successful multilateral environmental treaties. The Protocol targets the production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances (ODS), such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), which are used in refrigeration, air conditioning, and other applications. Its implementation has led to a significant reduction in ODS emissions, contributing to the recovery of the ozone layer. The Montreal Protocol has undergone several amendments, including the Kigali Amendment in 2016, which added hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) to the list of controlled substances due to their potent greenhouse gas effects. With universal ratification by 198 countries, the Protocol has achieved a 98% reduction in ODS consumption globally. It is expected that the ozone layer will return to pre-1980 levels by the mid-21st century. The Protocol's success has also contributed to climate change mitigation by reducing greenhouse gas emissions equivalent to over 135 billion tonnes of CO2. Its impact extends beyond environmental protection, serving as a model for international cooperation on environmental issues.