Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation

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Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation describes the gravitational force between masses. It states that every particle in the universe attracts every other particle with a force proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. This law unifies the phenomena of gravity on Earth with astronomical behaviors, providing a fundamental understanding of gravitational interactions. The law is expressed by the equation \(F = G\frac{m1m2}{r^2}\), where \(F\) is the gravitational force, \(m1\) and \(m2\) are the masses, \(r\) is the distance between their centers, and \(G\) is the gravitational constant. It applies universally, explaining both falling bodies and planetary orbits, and remains a cornerstone of classical mechanics despite being superseded by Einstein's theory of general relativity for extreme cases.