The Catholic Counter-Reformation
Historical eventAbout
The Catholic Counter-Reformation was a comprehensive response to the Protestant Reformation, initiated primarily through the Council of Trent (1545–1563). This council addressed issues like clerical corruption and the sale of indulgences, reaffirming core Catholic doctrines such as transubstantiation and the seven sacraments. It emphasized justification by both faith and works, contrasting with Protestant teachings of justification by faith alone. The Counter-Reformation also involved the establishment of new religious orders, like the Jesuits, and the promotion of spiritual movements. It saw a resurgence in Catholic art and architecture, exemplified by the Baroque style. Politically, it led to conflicts and expulsions of Protestants in some regions. Overall, the Counter-Reformation revitalized the Catholic Church, clarifying its doctrines and practices in response to Protestant challenges.
