The Monroe Doctrine

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The Monroe Doctrine is a cornerstone of U.S. foreign policy, enunciated by President James Monroe on December 2, 1823. It asserts that the Western Hemisphere is closed to further European colonization and that any attempt by a European power to control or oppress nations in the Americas would be viewed as a hostile act against the United States. The doctrine was formulated in response to concerns that European powers might recolonize newly independent Latin American nations. It emphasized non-interference in European affairs while protecting U.S. interests in the Americas. The doctrine was primarily crafted by Secretary of State John Quincy Adams, who advocated for a unilateral U.S. statement rather than a joint declaration with Britain. Initially, it lacked enforcement power, but by the 20th century, the U.S. had the military strength to enforce it. The doctrine evolved over time, with interpretations shifting from interventionism to multilateralism. It remains a significant aspect of U.S. foreign policy, influencing relations with Latin America and defining the Western Hemisphere as a U.S. sphere of influence.