Treaty of Lisbon (2007)

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The Treaty of Lisbon, signed on December 13, 2007, is a pivotal legislative document that significantly reformed the European Union's institutions and policies. It was designed to address the institutional challenges faced by the EU following successive enlargements and the failed Constitutional Treaty. The treaty aimed to enhance the efficiency and democratic legitimacy of the Union by introducing key changes such as expanding the co-decision powers of the European Parliament, moving from unanimity to qualified majority voting in many policy areas, and creating a more streamlined decision-making process. Key provisions of the Treaty of Lisbon include the establishment of a permanent President of the European Council and a High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy. It also made the EU's Charter of Fundamental Rights legally binding and provided a formal procedure for member states to withdraw from the EU. The treaty entered into force on December 1, 2009, after ratification by all 27 member states at the time. Overall, the Treaty of Lisbon has played a crucial role in shaping the EU's institutional framework and enhancing its global influence.